The China Mail - CEO of Brazil's Nubank on pending US market entry, Trump, AI: interview

Promising to free users from banking bureaucracy, the company -- which has 131 million clients in Brazil, Mexico and Colombia -- has become one of the most valuable firms in the region.

In 2025 it posted record revenues of $16.3 billion, a 45 percent increase from the previous year.

Founded by Colombian entrepreneur Velez and two partners, the company was launched in 2013 in Brazil's financial capital Sao Paulo with the aim of eliminating physical bank branches.

More than a decade later, six in ten Brazilian adults are customers.

Nubank received conditional approval in January to operate as a bank in the United States, the world's largest financial market, and is now awaiting a final license.

Velez, 44 -- whose family left Colombia because of drug-related violence when he was a child -- says the company has long-term "global" ambitions, with artificial intelligence (AI) as a central pillar.

Below are excerpts from AFP's interview with Velez, edited for clarity.

QUESTION: Why do you think Nubank will succeed in the United States, typically a hostile market for foreign fintechs?

ANSWER: "For a long time the United States was closed to granting new banking licenses. That changed with the Trump administration.

"We can reach many consumers who are currently underserved financially. Our operational cost advantage -- because we are 100 percent digital -- gives us an interesting opportunity."

Q: How do you view the financial sector under Trump?

A: "It has been positive. The previous administration created uncertainty around new business models, for example cryptocurrencies. The regulator was also very reluctant to allow new banks. That benefited large banks a lot. This administration has begun to promote more competition and lower barriers to entry."

Q: Will traditional banks disappear?

A: "The digital banking model is the winning model for digitizing 90 percent of the world's population. Our cost to serve a customer is 4 percent or 5 percent of the cost of a traditional bank. In the future some traditional banks will have transformed and will still be around, and others won't."

Q: Will physical banking services disappear?

A: "There will always be some space for them, but much smaller. Ninety to 95 percent of global financial services can be digitized."

- Customers aged 90 -

Q: Could digitization exclude older people?

A: "They eventually become digital too. We have 90-year-old customers. They don't give us quality metrics as high as those of 25-year-olds, but they can use the product quite well. AI allows much more specific personalization."

Q: What problems does AI pose in the financial sector?

A: "The biggest challenge is data control and respecting user data. What AI executes must be based on existing regulation. For example, if an algorithm gives financial advice to a client, it must comply with the same regulation that already requires a human to give correct advice."

Q: Will AI replace human jobs in the sector?

A: "Not completely. Efficiency can be improved with automation in many processes. But there are also key areas, such as credit models, that require human verification and decisions. Many of these AI models still have hallucination problems, which can be a huge risk for any bank."

Q: How do you see Brazil's financial market under the government of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva?

A: "One thing Brazil has done very well is that financial regulation has been surprisingly consistent across administrations. Competent players in the financial industry have made money in Brazil."

R.Lin--ThChM